Purpose | Location, Sample & Measurements | Findings | Authors |
Determine how boomer generation & 65 plus are doing in 20 social, economic and health areas |
- USA sample
- 5 federal surveys,
- UCLA survey,
- AARP survey
|
- Age group 50 to 64 years
- Over 10 years - all 20 indicators improved;
- most improvements in income, financial assets, pension coverage,
employment rate;
- least improvements in health insurance;
- ability to afford needed health care;
- spending on non-necessities
- Age group 65 years & older
- Over 10 years
- primary declines: income other than SS,
- employment rate and health status;
- primary imrovements:
- ability to afford health care and spending on non-necessities.
|
AARP Policy and Strategy Group,2004 |
Determine housing and home modification issues for older adults |
- USA sample
- 2000 respondents, age 45+,
- Age & gender representative sample
|
- Age 55+
- 86% own home & 89% want to live in own home as long as possible;
- 86% made at least one simple modification
- e.g., installed nightlights, non-skid strips in bathtub or shower, higher wattage
light bulbs.
- 70% made major modification
- e.g., installed light switches in stairs, changes so can live on first floor,
handrails on both sides of stairs, grab bars in bathroom.
- Total 90% made changes
- 48% did work themselves,
- 75% believe changes will allow them to live in home another 10 years or more
- Reasons no modifications made, if needed:
- 37% cannot do themselves,
- 29% not trusting home contractors,
- 25% not knowing how to make changes,
- 22% not knowing how to find a good contractor to do it
|
Bayer & Harper, 2000 |
Assess attitudes and preferences for in-home care |
- California sample, representative of state
- 612 adults, 40 years +
- Telephone interviews
|
- 48% of sample needed in-home care
- for self or family member in past year.
- Of these, 55% needed 6+ months of care 51% of total
sample could not afford 2 hours per day for 6 months
- Preferences:
- 32% family unpaid
- 30% family paid
- 21% private hiring of paid help
- 21% pay home care agency for help
Extremely Important for home care service:
- -help not steal
- -adult feels safe & comfortable
- -help is on-time
- -help is educated/trained
59%: not important that help is same race |
Gray & Feinberg, 2003 |
Examine expectations of boomers & aging adults regarding services that will help them remain
independent |
- USA sample
- 2000 respondents, age 45+
- Telephone survey
|
- 83% want to stay in own home as age
- 82% want services in own home
- 68% will be able to rely on family/friends
- 35% counting on children to help when older
- Most important features in home:
- Bath & bedroom on main floor,
- non-slip floors,
- covered parking,
- climate controls
- Most important community features:
- Safe neighborhoods, hospital,
- MD office, worship place
- Most important community services:
- door-to-door transportation
|
Greenwald, M. & Associates, 2003 |
Perspectives of persons, age 50+ with disabilities regarding what would make their lives better |
- USA sample
- 1,102 adults age 50+ with disabilities (68% mobility, 21% vision or hearing
19 cogintive or emotional); most disabilities occurred between age 40 and 64
|
- Strongly prefer independent living in own homes
- Want more control over services received
- 25% do not use any special equipment
- 25% need more help with ADLs bathing, cooking
- 33% need home modification, can not due to $
- 50% received regular help: mostly family/friends
- 33% use community services
- Severe levels of disability decreasing
- Persons 65+
- In community use assistive technology, do not require human assistance
increased 9% to 20%
- What is most important for quality of life?
- 96% spending time with family and friends
- 82% religious/spiritual activities
- 80% physical activities or exercise
|
Gibson, 2003 |
Purpose | Location, Sample & Measurements | Findings | Authors |
Examine experiences & outcomes of saniors using home care services |
- California, low income Medicaid home care consumers
- 511 consumer directed model family/clients
- 584 professional agency model family/clients
- Telephone interviews
|
- Consumer directed models more positive in all outcomes and
- -unmet IADL needs
- -service satisfaction
- Family of consumer models more positive with safety & service
satisfaction
|
Benjamin, et al., 2000 |
Determine relationship of client choice and satisfaction |
- Michigan, Maryland, & Texas
- 879 seniors receiving personal assistant home care through Medicaid
- Telephone survey
|
- Greater choice in hiring, firing, scheduling,
supervising, and paying attendants associated with higher satisfaction areas
- More than 90% given choice in selecting assistant reported high levels of
satisfaction compared to 59% of those without choice of assistant.
|
Commonwealth Fund, 1991 |
- Identify dimensions of care associated with excellence versus satisfaction
- Identify dimensions of care separating satisfaction from dissatisfaction
|
- Midwestern rural/urban areas
- 696 clients recently discharged from 13 home care agencies
- Mail survey with 46 items, Likert responses
|
- Excellence/Satisfaction Discriminators
- 1 Staff unhurried
- 2 Staff helped manage illness better
- 3 How to reach on call explained
- 4 Staff were clean
- 5 Staff on time
- Satisfaction/
Dissatisfaction Discriminators
- 1 Staff help me feel better
- 2 Early discharge instructions
- 3 Explained medicine instructions
- 4 Nurse communicated with family
- 5 Staff were unhurried
|
Dansky & Brannon, 1996 |
- Rank importance clients ascribe to their values
- Determines differences in values between new and ongoing clients
|
- One urban/rural Midwestern site and one urban Western site
- 790 clients, 2 1/2 hour semi -structured interviews
- Two questionnaires with open and closed ended questions
|
- Values ranked by importance:
- 1 Freedom/safety
- 2 Home surroundings & atmosphere
- 3 Helper traits & competence
- 4 Involvement of family
- 5 Activities
- 6 Privacy - general, body, social, $
Very important values |
|
Clients | |
| New | On- going | |
Freedom/ safety | 71% | 79% |
* (p≤.05) |
Home | 85% | 76% | |
Helper | 77% | 75% | |
Involve Family | 73% |
64% | * (p≤.05) |
Activities | 52% | 56% |
** (p≤.001) |
| Degenhotz, Kane, & Kivnick, 1997 |
Explore worker- client relationships |
- Minnesota
- 54 home care clients with at least 2 visits per week
- In-depth interviews with open and closed questions
|
- The majority of clients expresses satisfaction with their worker
- 66% describe worker as friend or "like family"
- 66% report worker does "extras"
- 75% discuss personal problems with workers
- 25% claim workers work beyond paid hours
|
Eustis & Fischer, 1991 |
Identify dimensions of general satisfaction with home care |
- Alberta, Canada
- 10 senior clients
- -from home care scenarios, seniors identified
importance of various dimensions
|
- Dimensions of client satisfaction are:
- availability of care,
- continuity of care,
- provider competence &
- personal qualities of the provider
- Most important qualities for provider satisfaction:
- sensitivity to clients'needs
- and interpersonal skills of the home care workers
|
Forbes, 1996 |
- Determine client interest in greater autonomy
- Determine satisfaction with worker and case manager
|
- Massachusetts
- 883 home care clients
- Telephone interviews with 55 closed-ended questions
|
- 78% preferred some overall control
- 18% wanted more control
- Most clients would accept less case
manager attention,
- only small percentage wanted less contact
- Willing to accept responsibility:
- 39% for scheduling
- 37% for supervising
- 29% for hiring
- 26% for paying worker
- 24% for firing
|
Glickman, et al., 1997 |
Top of Page |
Explore domains of satisfaction with home health care nursing |
- Vermont
- 73 clients, both active and discharged
- Client Satisfaction Survey by Reeder and Chen
|
- Overall high satisfaction with nurses
- Most satisfaction with nurses in:
- -not too busy to spend time talking
- -efficient in doing work
- -patience with client
- Less satisfaction with nurse in:
- -teach how to stay healthy
- -discuss changes since last visit
- -tells about tests & procedures
- -want involvement with decision making
|
Laferrier, 1993 |
Identify problems following discharge from hospital |
- Amsterdam, Netherlands
- 145 seniors 1 week after hospital discharge
- 1/2 mail survey & 1/2 interviewed at home; closed & open
ended questions
|
- Most frequent problems:
- -feeling ill informed
- -questions regarding illness & recovery
- Other needs & problems:
- -questions rearding prescriptions/life rules
- -difficulty with housekeeping
- Most seniors relied on relatives for support:
- 37% had unmet needs
|
Mistiaen, et al., 1997 |
Determine key drivers of home care client satisfaction |
- All regions of US
- 160,000 clients from 183 agencies
- Mail survey, closed ended questions
|
- Key Drivers of Client Satisfaction:
- Care Process-strongest driver
- Staff show concern for patient as a person,
- enough time spent with patient
- staff are dependable & timely
- Client Involvement/Education
- Involved in care decisions;
- family involved
- staff encourage questions;
- clear explanations of care & procedures
- Orientation to Home Care:
- Know whom to call for questions & how to voice a complaint;
- good staff explanations
- Perceived medical outcome - weakest driver
- Condition improved as much as expected &
- patient gained better understanding of condition
|
Seibert, 1996 |
Determine client preferences of nurse caring behaviors |
- Michigan
- 28 recently discharged home care clients
- Interviews with Caring Assessment Instrument (CARE-Q); respondents sorted
50 nurse behavior cards into order of importance
|
- Top caring behaviors:
- 1 Know when to call the doctor
- 2 Listens to the patient
- 3 Talks to the patient
- 4 Gives tx and meds on time
- 5 Puts patient first
- 6 Knows how to do techniques
- 7 Quick response to calls
- 8 Good physical care
- 9 Honest about medical condition
- 10 Uses understandable language
|
Smit and Spoelstra, 1991 |
Identify consumer concerns and preferences |
- Cleveland, Ohio
- 200 recently discharged home care clients or caregivers in 20 focus groups
|
- Core concerns:
- 1 Pre-discharge preparation & instruction
- 2 Orientation of patient to services
- 3 "Style of Care"
- 4 Scheduling of visits
- 5 Continuity of direct care staff
- 6 Staff Attire
- 7 Concern, listening, attention
- 8 Teaching appropriate to learning readiness
- 9 Preserving patient dignity & privacy
- 10 Perceptions of Outcome
|
Stricklin, 1993 |
Identify recommendations for improving home care services post
hospitalization |
- Chicago suburb
- 44 discharged patients
- 21 caregivers of patients
- In home interviews, open ended questions & satisfaction scales
with Likert scales
|
- General satisfaction=
- 4.75 from 5 point scale.
- Client who received medication info more satisfied than
those who did not.
|
Weaver, et al., 1998 |
Identify dimensions of quality home care workers |
- 78 home care clients
- Two telephone surveys:
- 1st survey asked clients to evaluate characteristics of workers
- 2nd survey asked open ended questions
|
- The top three job related skills were:
- punctuality,
- safety awareness,
- organizational skills
- (None focused on technical competence)
|
Woerner & Philips, 1989 |
Purpose | Location, Sample & Measurements |
Findings | Authors |
- Determine areas of dissatisfaction
- Determine preferred nursing assistants' characteristics
|
- Midwest metropolitan area
- 3 Assisted Living Facilities
- 87 residents
- 113 family members
- Residents were interviewed; family members received a mail survey.
- Surveys included closed and open ended questions.
|
- Areas of dissatisfaction:
- Meal time - food, hours &
seating arrangement
- Nursing Assistants - turnover,
training, lack of patience and compassion
- Recreational Activities - more
& different activities
- Preferred characteristics of NAs:
- Genuine concern, kindness & patience
- Respectfulness
- Consistent attentiveness
- Pleasant disposition
|
Buelow & Fee, 1999 |
Describe residents using ALF with highest level of services |
- Nationally representative of high service;
-
- privacy ALFs
- 300 Assisted Living Facilities
- 184,558 residents
- In-person interviews
|
- Amount of control over selection of ALF:
- 52% Complete
- 23% Some Control
- 25% Little/no control
- Need more help
- 12% Dressing
- 12% Locomotion
- 26% Toileting
- Staff
- 80% treated with dignity
- 61% show affection
- 52% take time to listen
- 52% training/good supervision
- Activities:
- 45% do most or all time
- 35% not outside ALF in last 2 weeks
- 51% enjoy most/always
- Staff ask preference:
- 23% never
- 35% sometimes
- Meals:
- 54% always choice
- 26% always tasty
- Extra services purchased:
- 61% grooming hair
- 26% foot care
- Information Shared
- 67% aware of monthly charge
- 30% aware of discharge policy
|
Hawes & Phillips, 2000 |
Describe death related planning and preferences for place of death among well elders in CCRCs |
- North Carolina
- Independent living apartment in 1 CCRC
- 219 residents
- Questionnaire survey, returned to researchers anonymously
|
- 40% issues re death played a role in decision to move to CCRC
- 5 themes/reasons:
- - need for terminal illness care
- - fear re: family burden
- - fear re: isolation
- - want to be near spouse
- - far from family
- 66% preferred to die on CCRC campus
- 36% apartment
- 18% in CCRC SNF
|
Hays, et al., 2001 |
Examine the amenity preferences of potential private pay nursing home residents presuming basic
services are provided. |
- Dayton, Ohio
- 2 independent living facilities
- 262 residents
- Mail survey with rating questions from most to least important
|
- Preferred amenities:
- 1-Mental & physical services
- 2-comfort & security
- 3-Personal services
- Top preferred single amenities:
- 1-Security system
- 2-Home-like environment
- 3-Private rooms
- 4-Post office services
- 5-Transportation provided
- Least Important Ratings:
- Financial consultation, fresh flowers, hospital-like environment,
gardens and educational opportunities
|
MacDowell & Clawson, 1992-3 |
Determine the relative importance of services, amenities & activities
in the initial selection of an ALF |
- Arkansas communities with populations of 5,000 or more
- 279 heads of households, age range from 23-83 years
- Mail survey asked importance of 43 services, facility amenities & activities
in selection of an ALF for an adult parent
|
- Top Services Preferences:
- - personal security
- - financial affordability
- - available medical facilities
- - meals available
- - personal care available
- - near adult child
- Facility amenities
- - chapel/spiritual center
- - full kitchen
- - washer & dryer in apt
|
O'Bryan, et al., 1996 |
Top of Page |
Discover why residents leave Assisted Living Facilities (ALFs) |
- Nationally representative of American ALFs
- 278 ALFs
- 1,483 in person resident interview
- 7 months later, telephone interview with 248 residents discharged
|
- Location of residents who left ALF
- 59% nursing home
- 28% other ALF
- Reasons for leaving
- 78% need more care
- 14% closer to family
- 12% dissatisfied with care
- Decision maker:
- 75% family/resident
- 25% facility decision
- Factors impacting departures:
- - Cognitive impairment
- - Need ADL assistance
- - For profit facilities
|
Phillips, C. et al., 2003 |
Determine preferred characteristics of congregate care facilities by family members |
- Southeastern city
- 42 adult children who recently selected a congregate care facility for parents
- Interviews rank ordered in terms of desirability
|
- Attributes & importance ratings:
- 1 = Staff Attitudes
- 2 = Location near family
- 3 = Nursing Care
- 4 = Cost
|
Shemwell & Yavas, 1997 |
Understand consumers' satisfaction with their selection of independent-living facilities |
- Long Island, New York & Florida (affluent areas)
- Independent Living Facilities
- 204 seniors
- Interviews, with rating scales
|
- Reason for selecting facility
- 53% to be near family
- 25% to be near needed services
- 15% to be near my friends
- Factors considered important:
- 94% security on grounds
- 85% have emergency call system, access to RNs & MDs, have social activities
- Evaluated as below expectations:
- 56% emergency call system
- 43% cleanliness
- 35% caring
- Evaluated as exceeded expectations:
- 29% quietness
- 25% design of unit
- 25% caring
|
Sherman et al., 1992 |
Determine the relationships between resident satisfaction and organizational factors
of Assisted Living Facilities |
- Maryland
- 13 Assisted Living Facilities
- small to large size
- 119 residents interviews
- Variables - MEAP's facility amenities, costs to residents, resident characteristics,
and participation in decision concerning relocation
|
- Resident characteristics together explained most of satisfaction
- Significant characteristics:
- - personal happiness
- - high functional independence
- - participated in relocation decision
- Organizational factors added only 7% to the satisfaction
- Moderate physical amenities and personal space were the two significant variables
|
Sikorska, 1999 |
Examine decision making abilities of residents in assisted living regarding abuse and neglect |
- USA
- unknown area
- 3 ALFs
- 27 residents
- Interviews & watched video scenarios of common types of abuse, then re-interviewed
regarding abuse & strategy if it happened to them
|
- Identified about 54% of inappropriate behaviors:
- Most identified = physical, fiduciary & medication issues
- Least identified = verbal abuse, neglect and environmental hazards
- Asked how would leave if unhappy
- 51% couldn't answer
- 26% rely on family
- 22% acceptable plan without family
|
Wood & Stephens, 2003 |
Describe what makes nursing homes dehumanizing |
- Washington D.C., Massachusetts, and Arizona
- Examined diaries of 3 Nursing Home Residents
|
- Dehumanizing characteristics:
- Lack of control, privacy relationships
- control: admission to home, food, ADLs, and care preferences
- privacy: family visits, possessions, bodily functions,
birthdays and death
- relationships: roommates, staff, religious and social
activities and other residents
|
Berdes, 1988 |
Explore residents' definition of quality care & dimensions of daily life |
- Madison, Wisconsin
- 3 nursing facilities
- 26 residents
- 2 In-depth interviews with each resident, ground dimensional analysis of data
|
- Definitions of quality varied by type of resident
- 1. For higher income residents, quality = care as a
purchased service; poor quality meant having to wait, poor outcomes, etc.
- 2. For frail residents, quality = care which provided
physical comfort (a pillow, drink, etc.)
- 3. Largest % residents, quality = relationship with
staff, degrees of closeness experienced
|
Bowers, Fibich, & Jacobson, 2001 |
Examine factors which differentiate men and women's adjustment to nursing homes |
- Rural middle West
- 4 nursing homes,
- 114 residents
- Resident interviews regarding personal histories and experiences
- Social workers completed Staff Rating Index for adjustment scores on each resident
|
- Women were perceived as significantly less well adjusted to
nursing home life than were men.
- For women, significant factors related to adjustment were
voluntary placement in home and previous living arrangements
- For men, no one variable predicted adjustment
|
Joiner & Freudiger, 1993 |
Compare three interview methods to assess nursing home residents' needs in the ADL area |
3 floors of 1 SNF
- 70 residents interviewed for 7 ADL needs in 3 ways:
- a) Direct satisfaction ratings
- b) Discrepancy questions (e.g., do you want more or less mobility care?
- c) open ended questions (what type of change would you want?)
|
- Open ended questions produced most useful answers.
- Unmet needs were significantly highest for discrepancy and open
ended measures compared to direct satisfaction questions.
% dissat. | A | B | C |
Dressing | 4 | 36 | 32 |
In/out of bed | 12 | 41 | 33 |
Mealtime | 4 | 40 | 18 |
Pad changes | 3 | 37 | 32 |
Showering | 7 | 36 | 31 |
Toileting | 6 | 43 | 14 |
Walking | 24 | 76 | 35 |
|
Levy- Storms, et al., 2002 |
Determine most important values of residents |
- Texas
- 1 nursing home
- 134 residents
- Forced ranking of 10 values
- Values were paired and respondents chose most important value.
|
All values seemed very important to resident
as they ranked values very close (standard deviation = 2.86)
- Order of rankings for residents
- 1 Family & Visitors
- 2 Clean & comfortable surroundings
- 3 Good food
- 4 Caring Staff
- 5 Feeling useful
- 6 Affection
- 7 Religious Activities
- 8 Social Activities
- 9 Flexibility in daily schedule
- 10 Privacy
|
Knox & Upchurch, 1992 |
Determine most important qualities of nursing homes |
- 15 cities in USA
- Groups of nursing home residents participated in a
series of three focus groups each
- (450 residents, 135 discussion groups)
- Discussions with open ended questions
|
- Most important components of quality care in:
- 1-Staff with good attitudes & feelings
- 2-Homelike environment
- 3-Food variety, choices, preparation & service
- 4-Activities
- 5-Medical care
- 6-Cleanliness
- 7-Administration
- 8-Religious participation
- 9-Resident council and rights
- 10-Community activities
|
National Citizens' Coalition for Nursing Home Reform, 1985 |
Understand how the decision to enter a nursing home was made and feelings
about it |
- New South Wales
- 5 nursing homes
- 19 seniors
- In-depth interviews
|
- Themes emerged:
- 1 there was no choice
- 2 lost everything to go to the home
- 3 felt self was devalued
- 4 believe it was their end of life
|
Nay, 1995 |
Investigate the experiences of older people as they move from a hospital into
a nursing home |
- Northern & Yorkshire Region, England
- 20 seniors, 17 family members - after discharge from hospital
to a nursing home
- open ended interviews with one month in home
|
- Move had profound change in their lives
- -move was distressing, lifestyle uncomfortable
- -move was relief from the anxiety and uncertainty
- -life unexpectedly
pleasant
- Seniors did not view themselves as in control or with choices,
just accepted move into home; asked family to select one
|
Reed & Morgan, 1999 |
Compare objective data regarding incontinence and mobility care quality
with resident surveys |
- 3 nursing homes,
- 99 incontinent residents interviewed;
- Satisfaction measurements:
- 1) Direct scaled satisfaction questions
- 2) Indirect satisfaction = preference questions, e.g., do you
want (more or less) mobility care?
- 3) Objective
Discrepancy = observed - preferred number
of times want care
- 4) perceived discrepancy = preferred - perceived times
care wanted
|
- Average pad change / day = 0.57
- Assists to the toilet / day = 0.37
- Assists to walk / day = 0.23
- 52%, 64% & 78%
- residents had accurate memory of pad changes,
assists & walks (respectively)
- Residents' reported preferences
were an average of 2 more pad changes, 1.5 more toilet assists, and
2 more walk assists than normally received.
- Direct satisfaction questions, are consistently
higher than other questions. The objective and perceived
discrepancy questions gave the most dissatisfaction.
|
Simmons & Schnelle, 1999; Simmon, Schnelle, and
Rahman, 1998 |
Assess whether nursing homes could utilize SERVQUAL questionnaire
to determine service quality |
- Wisconsin
- 41 nursing homes
- 416 family members of residents
- Questionnaire had 21 questions.
- Each question used 7 point response scale.
|
Family members scores aggregated by nursing home to determine means/
nursing home The number of deficiencies and complaints
correlated to mean satisfaction scores (scale = 1-7)
Mean satisfaction |
Responsiveness | 4.99 |
Reliability | 6.13 |
Assurance | 6.11 |
Empathy | 5.89 |
Tangibles | 6.12 |
All correlations statistically significant,
except -0.16. |
Steffen & Nystrom, 1997 |
Determine residents' perceptions of nursing staff and their
relationship to independent judgments of nursing home quality |
- Miami, Florida
- 10 nursing homes
- 239 residents
- Residents completed two questionnaires evaluating
nursing staff. First scale had 6 items with a 5 point response set.
Second instrument had brief situation and residents stated what they
thought their nursing staff would do.
- Three external health professionals rated nursing home quality on
4 point scale.
|
- In poorer quality homes, residents perceived nurses had
less respect, communication, and concern. The response to call lights
was slower and residents believed staff members did not like their work.
- For the second questionnaire, residents in poorer quality homes less
often selected favorable behaviors.
|
Stein, et al., 1986 |
Determine if residents' ratings of the social climate is
significantly associated with independent judgments of nursing home quality |
- Miami, Florida
- 10 nursing homes, and 301
residents completed the Sheltered Care Environment Scale.
- Social workers independently rated the quality of care in these homes
as good, fair poor.
|
Resident ratings of social climate
(highest possible score = 100):
| Good Homes | Poor Homes |
Cohesion | 66.2 | 41.1** |
Conflict | 33.5 | 40.7 |
Independence | 38.7 | 30.6* |
Self-explorations | 27.9 |
32.4* |
Organization | 72.4 | 53.9*** |
Resident influence |
62.5 | 40.3*** |
Physical comfort | 77.0 | 65.2* |
* = statistically significant differences |
Stein, et al., 1987 |
Explore how family members perceive their roles and their
perceptions of the quality of care provided their relative. |
- Minneapolis
- 3 nursing homes
- 25 family members
- 1-2 hour semi structured interviews were conducted
- Family members Interviews were audiotaped & two independent
researchers identifying emerging themes
|
- Roles and involvement included:
- maintaining family connectedness
- maintaining resident's dignity
- maintaining control over room
- serving as an advocate for relative & other residents
- maintaining & improving health of relative
- Majority of family members were satisfied with overall
quality of life and care.
- Identified Quality Concerns:
- 1-Lack of communication among staff, residents, & family members
- 2-Don't trust consistent good care given
- 3-Fail to maintain residents' dignity
- 4-Discourage families' involvement
|
Stum and Schmitz, 1990 |
Classify personal care complaints against nursing homes |
- Texas
- All complaint records for 49 nursing homes
in Texas reviewed for 2 years (340 complaints)
|
- 40% of all complaints were personal care complaints
(340) complaints categorized:
- 27% bathing & personal hygiene
- 19% respect and consideration
- 12% supervision & safety
- 9% feeding care
- 8% incontinence care
- 7% comfort and assistance
- 6% response to call lights
- 5% decubitus care
- 3.5% water and fluid intake
- 3.5 rehab and preventive care
|
Wagnild, 1986 |